昆明辅导FDA验厂

    昆明辅导FDA验厂

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21 CFR 211.42(b) states, in part, that “The flow of components, drug product containers, closures, labeling, in-process materials, and drug products through the building or buildings shall be designed to prevent contamination.”
CFR211.42(b)规定,“药物成分、容器、密封、标签、中间材料和药品在厂房内或厂房间的运输应该能够防止污染。”
21 CFR 211.42(c) states, in part, that “Operations shall be performed within specifically defined areas of adequate size. There shall be separate or defined areas or such other control systems for the firm’s operations as are necessary to prevent contamination or mixups during the course of the following procedures: * * * (10) Aseptic processing, which includes as appropriate: (i) Floors, walls, and ceilings of smooth, hard surfaces that are easily cleanable; (ii) Temperature and humidity controls; (iii) An air supply filtered through high-efficiency particulate air filters under positive pressure, regardless of whether flow is laminar or nonlaminar; (iv) A system for monitoring environmental conditions; (v) A system for cleaning and disinfecting the room and equipment to produce aseptic conditions; (vi) A system for maintaning any equipment used to control the aseptic conditions.”
CFR211.42(c )规定,“操作应当在有充足空间的*区域内进行。操作应该分隔或*的区域,或者有其它控制系统,以便在下面过程中防止污染或混淆: …(10)无菌加工,措施包括以下:(i)地面、墙面和天花板的表面平滑、坚硬并且*清洁;(ii)温度和湿度控制;(iii)供应通过HEPA滤器过滤的空气,并保持正压,不论气流是层流或非层流;(iv)检测环境质量的系统;(v)清洁及消毒房间和设备以产生无菌条件的系统;(vi) 维护用于控制无菌环境的任何设备的系统。”
21 CFR 211.46(b) states that “Equipment for adequate control over air pressure, micro-organisms, dust, humidity, and temperature shall be provided when appropriate for the manufacture, processing, packing, or holding of a drug product.”
CFR211.46(b)规定,“当对生产、制造、包装或储存药品有利时,应当提供能充分控制压差、微生物、尘埃粒子、湿度及温度的设备。”
21 CFR 211.46(c) states, in part, that “Air filtration systems, including prefilters and particulate matter air filters, shall be used when appropriate on air supplies to production areas * * *.
CFR211.46(c )规定,“当对供应生产区域的空气有利时,应当提供空气过滤系统,包括初效过滤器及颗粒空气过滤器…。”
21 CFR 211.63 states that “Equipment used in the manufacture, processing, packing, or holding of a drug product shall be of appropriate design, adequate size, and suitably located to facilitate operations for its intended use and for its cleaning and maintenance.”
CFR211.63规定,“用于生产、加工、包装及储存药品的设备应当设计合理,有足够空间并且被适当定位,以方便其既定用途的操作并且方便清洁和维护。”
21 CFR 211.65(a) states that “Equipment shall be constructed so that surfaces that contact components, in-process materials, or drug products shall not be reactive, additive, or absorptive so as to alter the safety, identity, strength, quality, or purity of the drug product beyond the official or other established requirements.”
CFR211.65(a)规定,“设备接触药品成分、中间材料或药品的表面应该无反应、无添加并且无吸附,不会改变药品的安全性、成分、浓度、质量或纯度并使它们**出或已经建立的标准。”
21 CFR 211.67(a) states that “Equipment and utensils shall be cleaned, maintained, and sanitized at appropriate intervals to prevent malfunctions or contamination that would alter the safety, identity, strength, quality, or purity of the drug product beyond the official or other established requirements.”
CFR211.67(a)规定,“设备和器具应当以合适间隔清洁、维护和消毒,以预防故障或污染改变药品的安全性、成分、浓度、质量或纯度并使它们**出或已经建立的标准。”
21 CFR 211.113(b) states that “Appropriate written procedures, designed to prevent microbiological contamination of drug products purporting to be sterile, shall be established and followed. Such procedures shall include validation of any sterilization process.”
CFR211.63(b)规定,“应当建立及遵从预防无菌药品受到微生物感染的合适书面程序。 这些程序应当包括任何灭菌工艺的验证。”
As provided for in the regulations, separate or defined areas of operation in an aseptic processing facility should be appropriately controlled to attain different degrees of air quality depending on the nature of the operation. Design of a given area involves satisfying microbiological and particle criteria as defined by the equipment, components, and products exposed, as well as the operational activities conducted in the area.
如法规规定,无菌加工设施中操作的分隔或*区域应当受到合理控制,以根据操作的性质而获得空气质量的不同水平。给定区域的设计应该满足微生物和尘埃粒子标准,所述标准根据设备、成分和暴露的产品以及在该区域内进行的操作而确定。
Clean area control parameters should be supported by microbiological and particle data obtained during qualification studies. Initial cleanroom qualification includes, in part, an assessment of air quality under as-built, static conditions. It is important for area qualification and classification to place most emphasis on data generated under dynamic conditions (i.e., with personnel present, equipment in place, and operations ongoing). An adequate aseptic processing facility monitoring program also will assess conformance with specified clean area classifications under dynamic conditions on a routine basis.
洁净区域控制参数应当得到验证期间获得的微生物和尘埃粒子数据支持。洁净室的验证其中包括对空态、静态条件下空气质量的评价。区域验证和分级中,重要的是将大部分重点放在动态条件(即设备到位、人员到岗并且进行操作)下产生的数据。充分的无菌加工设施监测程序也将评估在日常运作的动态条件下与特定洁净区域分级的符合性。
The following table summarizes clean area air classifications and recommended action levels of microbiological quality (Ref. 1).

FDA**工厂检查数据
FDA工厂检查通常会有三种结论,分别是NAI(未识别出改进项),VAI (自愿整改项)和OAI(强制整改项)。其中NAI的结果为理想,VAI经过妥善整改FDA的审核发现(又称483)后也不会有剩余风险。如果出现OAI,通常就会比较被动,需要采取积极措施防止进入到Import Alert(进口禁令)或者DWPE(未经检查自动扣留)的名单中。如下图,可以看出整体上OAI的比例比较小,反而是NAI比例。可以看出,**整体对于医疗器械的质量管理的法规遵守程度比较好。
FDA**工厂检查结果分类
2、FDA对医疗器械领域企业的工厂检查概览
医疗器械是美国FDA管制范围内的一个领域。下图是**医疗器械企业接受审核的数据,可以看出对于整个FDA管辖的范围来看,医疗器械占比在10-15%之间。其中美国国内的企业被抽查的数大于海外企业,但海外和美国国内的企业检查数的比例在逐年上升。
FDA**医疗器械工厂检查数据
从医疗器械领域的工厂检查结果来看,基本上和总体的规律类同。对比过去十年的数据,可以看出被采取强制措施的医疗器械企业的数量在下降。到2018年,被采取强制措施的企业**只有68家,低于100家。可以看出,**医疗器械行业整体的合规水平在提升。
FDA**医疗器械工厂检查结果分类
3、FDA对中国医疗器械领域企业的工厂检查概览
中国医疗器械出口美国份额逐年增长,因此中国的医疗器械制造商被抽样进行工厂检查的比例也在逐年升高。从2014年开始,基本上每年抽查都在100家以上。中国医疗器械企业在FDA进行注册备案的数量约为4500家,因此抽查的概率在2-3%。2018年的抽查数量看起来有所下降,这与美国在2018年较长时间的“停摆”有直接的关系,否则其总数必然**过100家。
FDA抽查中国医疗器械企业情况
从中国企业接受FDA工厂检查的结果来看,2013年之前整体审查结果堪忧,通常都是VAI多,甚至有OAI**过NAI的年份。但是从2013年开始,整体的规律和国际基本看齐。特别是到2017和2018年,被采取强制措施的工厂都只有三家。这和中国的工厂越来越重视美国FDA的工厂审查,愿意从一开始进入美国市场就充分评估风险并采取必要措施确保产品和过程合规有直接的关系。
结 语
尽管中美贸易战如火如荼,但是美国仍然是中国医疗器械产品出口的重要目标市场。在复杂的大环境下,控制好自身风险,确保产品合规显得尤为重要。因此,我们建议凡是出口医疗器械到美国市场的制造商,应该从出口业务启动就按照美国质量体系法规21 CFR PART 820建议质量管理体系,来确保管理体系合规。
当然,如果您已经出口到美国了又还没有建立满足21 CFR PART820的质量体系,不论处于任何阶段,都可以寻求专业机构的支持以降低风险。SUNGO是行业内具备辅导医疗器械、食品、药品和化妆品四大领域企业成功通过FDA工厂审查的咨询机构,我们可以协助中国制造商持续符合FDA法规要求。

近年来,美国FDA摸清了中国药品和医疗器械生产经营的合规缺陷,屡下**,使出进口禁令等**锏,让业界风声鹤唳,胆战心惊……现在,老外审核员已经熟悉国内数据真实性的作假套路,能够轻易深挖企业存在的不合规问题!
医疗器械企业只有“学习法规、理解法规”,才可能真正“敬畏法规、按规办事”!对法规的掌握程度决定了按法规能做到什么样的高度。
FDASUNGO已为国内众多制造商提供了FDA验厂的辅导和翻译陪审服务。1366手1555机246.这其中包括了FDA提**天通知验厂的时间较端紧迫的案例,也包括了为连续两次验厂失败的制造商解除警告信并移除进口禁令的复杂度较高的案例。
FDA每年会对**的医疗器械制造商进行抽样审查,作为其进行售后市场监管的主要途径之一。所有的审查都会由美国FDA的工作人员进行,不论这些人是什么族裔,他们都是美国籍,都代表了美国的利益。
FDA验厂即工厂检查,FDA部属的CDRH(器械与放射健康中心)是专职担任医疗器械企业管理的组织,其根据FDA的授权,组织查看员到各企业进行工厂查看。验厂查看准则 --根据法律规则,对未豁免QSR 820的产品的出产企业,进行例行查看;(大多数情况) --II类器械或有510(K)注册的器械的企业,简单被抽到; --为国外大公司做OEM的企业; --产品在美国市场发作质量事故的企业。查看频率及费用 美国境内企业:一般每两年查看一次; 美国境外企业:不定期查看; 一切查看费用由FDA承当。 第三方组织代为审查 在欧洲和美国本土(不适用于我国及港澳台企业),FDA也授权第三方组织进行工厂检查,托付企业需付出相应费用。这种托付第三方的查看只是个别的,仅适于FDA查看过而且无问题的企业,FDA对企业的初次工厂查看不托付任何第三方进行。
FDA验厂经历 QSR820验厂经历QSR820验厂经历经历共享:
1、 企业出产及出口美国的量越大,用户诉苦越多,被FDA查厂的可能性越大;
2、 但我国(含港澳台)的企业,无论是一类,还是二类,三类,被FDA查厂的概率非常大, 本公司接触到很多低风险产品验厂的事例;
3、 一切查看费、、差旅、五星酒店、餐费等一切费用均由FDA承当;
4、 FDA通常提前1-3个月告诉验厂,但不会告诉详细到厂日期;
5、 通常FDA只来1、2个人,正常审阅4天;
6、 质量手册、程序文件等重要文件需翻译成英文,环境卫生要搞好;
7、 FDA更着重内审及记载、相关部门的签字;
8、 FDA非常重视法律法规、专业知识、作业指导准则等员工训练与履行、签字;
9、 如有不符合项,审阅员会现场开出483表;
10、 审阅员提出的一切问题,企业必须在规则时间内提交书面回复,越快越好;
11、 严重不符合项,审阅员会现场开出正告信(Warning letter),企业须在规则时间内完成整改;在此整改期间: (1)对国外厂商,一切产品抵达美国海关将主动拘留 (2)对美国厂商,FDA将告诉其他部门,以供其在收购投标时考虑 (3)对美国厂商,FDA将暂停其处理出口许可证的批阅 12、 如拒绝FDA验厂,或被发现与QSR 820严重不符项,工厂一切产品将被视为“假冒伪劣”
FDA验厂结果 QSR820验厂结果
1.没有任何书面点评,这是的情况;
2.轻微项的483表,或一封感谢信;
3.有批判的483表,它可能会导致: 1)Seizure(查封) 2)Detention(扣押) 3)Restraining Orders and Injunctions(强制停产) 4)Penalties(罚款) 5)Recall(撤回)
4.Waring letter(正告信)
美国在FDA网站上,对现已注册的企业进行查看审阅;公司接到验厂告诉时,不要着急,根据邮件的内容仔细回复,如不知怎么回复,也可及时联FDASUNGO机构,将组织专业的教师指导企业回复邮件;根据21CFR Part(QSR)820体系建立,整改,陪同审阅翻译服务。如企业在之前的审核中没有经过,收到美国FDA宣布的警告信,或者被美国FDA拉入红名单禁止出口,也可以帮忙企业处理。

关键区域是指当无菌药品及包装容器要暴露于生产环境的生产区域,这个生产环境必须设计得能够保持无菌条件(§211.42(c)(10))。在此区间生产活动包括在灌装和密封之前无菌材料的操作(如:无菌连接,无菌药品成分添加)。
This area is critical because an exposed product is vulnerable to contamination and will not be subsequently sterilized in its immediate container. To maintain product sterility, it is essential that the environment in which aseptic operations (e.g., equipment setup, filling) are conducted be controlled and maintained at an appropriate quality. One aspect of environmental quality is the particle content of the air. Particles are significant because they can enter a product as an extraneous contaminant, and can also contaminate it biologically by acting as a vehicle for microorganisms (Ref. 2). Appropriately designed air handling systems minimize particle content of a critical area.
这个区域很关键,因为一个暴露的产品很*被感染,在以后的包装中也不能再进行灭菌。为了保证产品无菌,在一定质量水平上控制和维护进行无菌操作(如设备安装,灌装)的环境是很重要的。环境质量的一个方面是空气中微粒的含量。空气中的微粒很重要因为它们可以成为外来污染成分进入产品,也可以成为微生物的载体来污染产品(参考2)。恰当设计的空气处理系统能减少关键区域的微粒成分。
Air in the immediate proximity of exposed sterilized containers/closures and filling/closing operations would be of appropriate particle quality when it has a per-cubic-meter particle count of no more than 3520 in a size range of 0.5 mm and larger when counted at representative locations normally not more than 1 foot away from the work site, within the airflow, and during filling/closing operations. This level of air cleanliness is also known as Class 100 (ISO 5).
在直接靠近暴露的消毒包装容器和灌封操作的空气,其0.5mm的微粒数应当不**过3520每立方米,而在工作点1英尺以外的测试点动态操作条件下的层流空气微粒数要大一些。这也就是洁净度为也是100级(ISO 5)的空气质量标准。
We recommend that measurements to confirm air cleanliness in critical areas be taken at sites where there is most potential risk to the exposed sterilized product, containers, and closures. The particle counting probe should be placed in an orientation demonstrated to obtain a meaningful sample. Regular monitoring should be performed during each production shift. We recommend conducting nonviable particle monitoring with a remote counting system. These systems are capable of collecting more comprehensive data and are generally less invasive than portable particle counters. See Section X.E. for additional guidance on particle monitoring.
我们建议判断空气洁净标准的测量可在无菌产品,容器和胶塞*暴露的场所进行。微粒计数仪探头应在一个意义的地方取样。每个生产班次都应进行日常监控 。我们建议用一个远程计数系统来进行静态的检测。这套系统能够收集更为广泛的数据,而且对环境的影响比手提式微粒计数器更小。关于微粒监测,请参照*十章*E部分。
Some operations can generate high levels of product (e.g., powder) particles that, by their nature, do not pose a risk of product contamination. It may not, in these cases, be feasible to measure air quality within the one-foot distance and still differentiate background levels of particles from air contaminants. In these instances, air can be sampled in a manner that, to the extent possible, characterizes the true level of extrinsic particle contamination to which the product is exposed. Initial qualification of the area under dynamic conditions without the actual filling function provides some baseline information on the non-product particle generation of the operation.
有些操作能产生高水平的产品微粒(如:粉剂),但这些微粒没有产品感染的危险。在这些情况下,在一英尺距离内测量空气质量,并仍然将微粒的背景程度与空气污染因素区分开是不太可能的。在这些情况下,空气可以在尽可能的方式下取样,以判断产品暴露地方的外来微粒的真实水平。初没有进行灌装时的动态条件下的验证能提供操作时非产品微粒的基础信息。
HEPA-filtered air should be supplied in critical areas at a velocity sufficient to sweep particles away from the filling/closing area and maintain unidirectional airflow during operations. The velocity parameters established for each processing line should be justified and appropriate to maintain unidirectional airflow and air quality under dynamic conditions within the critical area (Ref. 3).
在关键区域的HEPA过滤的[4]空气,其流速应当足够将灌封区域产生的微粒清除,并且能在操作区间维持层流。关键区域的每条生产线所设立的速度参数都应当规范,能适应于动态下保持空气层流以及空气质量(参考文献3)。[5]
Proper design and control prevents turbulence and stagnant air in the critical area. Once relevant parameters are established, it is crucial that airflow patterns be evaluated for turbulence or eddy currents that can act as a channel or reservoir for air contaminants (e.g., from an adjoining lower classified area). In situ air pattern analysis should be conducted at the critical area to demonstrate unidirectional airflow and sweeping action over and away from the product under dynamic conditions. The studies should be well documented with written conclusions, and include evaluation of the impact of aseptic manipulations (e.g., interventions) and equipment design. Videotape or other recording mechanisms have been found to be useful aides in assessing airflow initially as well as facilitating evaluation of subsequent equipment configuration changes. It is important to note that even successfully qualified systems can be compromised by poor operational, maintenance, or personnel practices.
恰当的设计和控制能预防关键区域的紊流及空气滞留。一旦建立相应的参数,测量紊流或涡流空气的流动模式很重要,它们可以成为空气污染的渠道或仓库(如从临近低洁净级别带入)。现场空气流动模式分析应当在关键区域进行,以显示动态环境下层流及气流流过产品或离开产品时的流向。研究应当用书面形式总结,包括对无菌操作的影响(如干扰)及设备设计的评估。在气流和促进设备结构改变的评估方面,录像带或其他录像机器是很有用的。需要注意的是即使很成功合格的体系也可以被不适当的操作、维护或个人工作方式所危害。
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欢迎来到上海沙格企业管理咨询有限公司网站,我公司位于历史文化悠久,近代城市文化底蕴深厚,历史古迹众多,有“东方巴黎”美称的上海市。 具体地址是上海浦东金桥世纪大道1500号,联系人是袁阳。
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